Lord Herbert, like his contemporary Descartes, searched for the foundations of knowledge. The first major statement of Deism in English is Lord Herbert of Cherbury's book De Veritate (1624). Herbert of Cherbury and early English Deism Lord Herbert of Cherbury, portrayed by Isaac Oliver (1560–1617) The term deist with its current meaning first appears in English in Robert Burton's The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621). In English, the words deist and theist were originally synonymous, but by the 17th century the terms started to diverge in meaning. The word déiste first appeared in French in 1563 in a theological treatise written by the Swiss Calvinist theologian named Pierre Viret, but Deism was generally unknown in the Kingdom of France until the 1690s when Pierre Bayle published his famous Dictionnaire Historique et Critique, which contained an article on Viret. The terms deism and theism are both derived from words meaning " god": the Latin term deus and the Ancient Greek term theós (θεός). Īccording to the Afghan-American philosopher Sayed Hassan Hussaini, the early schools of Islamic theology and theological beliefs among classical Muslim philosophers are characterized by "a rich color of Deism with a slight disposition toward theism". He shared this conviction with his teacher and predecessor Abū Ḥanīfa al-Nuʿmān (8th century CE), whereas al-Ashʿarī never held such a view. This position was opposed by the Māturīdī school according to its founder, the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian Abū Manṣūr al-Māturīdī, human reason is supposed to acknowledge the existence of a creator deity ( bāriʾ) solely based on rational thought and independently from divine revelation. Ashʿarītes still taught the use of reason in understanding the Quran, but denied the possibility to deduce moral truths by reasoning. In the 9th–10th century CE, the Ashʿarī school developed as a response to the Muʿtazila, founded by the 10th-century Muslim scholar and theologian Abū al-Ḥasan al-Ashʿarī. Muʿtazilite theologians emphasized the use of reason and rational thought, positing that the injunctions of God are accessible through rational thought and inquiry, and affirmed that the Quran was created ( makhlūq) rather than co-eternal with God, which would develop into one of the most contentious questions in the history of Islamic theology. In the history of Islam, one of the earliest systematic schools of Islamic theology to develop were the Muʿtazila in the mid-8th century CE. Some of its tenets continued as part of other intellectual and spiritual movements, like Unitarianism, and Deism continues to have advocates today, including with modern variants such as Christian deism and pandeism.Įarly developments of Deism Ancient history ĭeism as a distinct philosophical and intellectual movement declined toward the end of the 18th century but had a revival in the early 19th century. Such philosophers and theologians were called "Deists", and the philosophical/theological position they advocated is called "Deism". Since the 17th century and during the Age of Enlightenment, especially in 18th-century England, France, and North America, various Western philosophers and theologians formulated a critical rejection of the several religious texts belonging to the many organized religions, and began to appeal only to truths that they felt could be established by reason as the exclusive source of divine knowledge. Deism emphasizes the concept of natural theology-that is, God's existence is revealed through nature. More simply stated, Deism is the belief in the existence of God (often, but not necessarily, a God who does not intervene in the universe after creating it), solely based on rational thought without any reliance on revealed religions or religious authority. ɪ z əm/ DAY-iz-əm derived from the Latin term deus, meaning " god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge, and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe. Deism ( / ˈ d iː ɪ z əm/ DEE-iz-əm or / ˈ d eɪ.
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